Alcohol and Alcoholism Advance Access originally published online on March 16, 2007
Alcohol and Alcoholism 2007 42(5):480-491; doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm011
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Living arrangements, heavy drinking and alcohol dependence
National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed at: National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. Tel: +358-9-4744 8906; Fax: +358-9-4744 8924; E-mail: kaisla.joutsenniemi{at}ktl.fi
Received 7 November 2006; first review notified 21 December 2006; in revised form 30 January 2007; accepted 15 February 2007
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Abstract |
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Aims: To assess the variation in heavy drinking and alcohol dependence by living arrangements, and the contribution of social and behavioural factors to this variation. Design: The Health 2000 survey is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted in Finland in 2000–2001 (N = 4589 in the age-range of 30–54 years, response rate 81%). Measurements: Living arrangements; married, cohabiting, living with other(s) than a partner, and living alone. Consumption of beer, wine and spirits in the past month was converted into grams of alcohol/week, and heavy drinking was classified as 
280 (men) and 140 (women) grams/week. Twelve-month prevalence of alcohol dependence was diagnosed by a mental health interview (CIDI). Findings: As compared to the married, cohabiting and living alone associated with heavy drinking (age-adjusted OR; 95% CI: 1.71;1.17–2.49 and OR 2.15;1.55–3.00 in men; OR 1.54;0.96–2.46 and OR 1.67;1.07–2.63 in women) and alcohol dependence (OR 2.29;1.44–3.64 and OR 3.66;2.39–5.59 in men; OR 2.56;1.10–5.94 and OR 4.43;2.03–9.64 in women). Living with other(s) than a partner associated with heavy drinking. Those who cohabited without children or lived alone had the highest odds for alcohol dependence. Among both genders, adjusting for main activity and financial difficulties attenuated the odds for heavy drinking and alcohol dependence by 
5–30% each, and additionally among women adjusting for urbanisation attenuated the odds for heavy drinking by 15–45%. Conclusions: Cohabiting and living alone are associated with heavy drinking and alcohol dependence. Unemployment, financial difficulties and low social support, and among women also living in an urban area, seem to contribute to the excess risk.
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