Alcohol and Alcoholism Advance Access originally published online on March 25, 2009
Alcohol and Alcoholism 2009 44(4):403-408; doi:10.1093/alcalc/agp017
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Low-Alcohol Beers: Contribution to Blood-Ethanol Concentration and Its Elevation above the UK Legal Limit after ‘Topping-up’
1 The Cardiff School of Health Sciences, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK
2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
3 South Wales Forensic Psychiatric Service, The Caswell Clinic, Bridgend, UK
* Corresponding author: Cardiff School of Health Sciences, University of Wales Institute Cardiff (UWIC), Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK. Tel: +44-29-2041-6858; Fax: +44-29-2041-6982; E-mail: ABadawy{at}uwic.ac.uk
Received 10 November 2008; first review notified 22 December 2008; in revised form 6 January 2009, 3 February 2009 and 23 February 2009; accepted 26 February 2009; advance access publication 25 March 2009
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Abstract |
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Aims: The aim of this study was to establish the contribution of low-alcohol beers to blood-ethanol concentration (BEC) and to test if ‘topping-up’ with these beverages can increase BEC above the 80 mg/dl UK legal limit. Methods: Healthy male and female volunteers received a dose of ethanol designed to give a BEC of just below 80 mg/dl, and then received one pint (600 ml) of a 1% v/v alcohol beer in the fasting state or after lunch, or of a zero-alcohol or a 0.5% v/v alcohol beer after fasting. BEC was determined enzymatically and data were subjected to ANOVA. Results: Topping-up with a pint of a 1% v/v alcohol beer increased BEC >80 mg/dl in fasting subjects, contributing an extra 12–17 mg/dl, which lasted longer in males (80 min) than in females (20 min). A 0.5% v/v alcohol beer increased BEC above 80 mg/dl only in males, which lasted for 60 min. After food intake, the 1% v/v alcohol beer increased BEC above 80 mg/dl transiently only in males. Conclusions: Low-alcohol beers make a significant contribution to blood-ethanol concentration and can increase it above the UK legal limit. Their use as a ‘top-up’ should be discouraged. Low-alcohol beers have a place as a substitute for normal-strength beverages as a strategy for decreasing alcohol consumption in general and in countries where low legal alcohol limits are in force or being contemplated.