Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 119-125, 2004
Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 39, No. 2 © Medical Council on Alcohol 2004; all rights reserved.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS: INCREASED PERFORMANCE THROUGH GOAL-SETTING INSTRUCTIONS
1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Mainz, 2 Psychiatric Hospital Eichberg, Eltville and 3 Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany. E-mail: scheuric{at}psychiatrie.klinik.uni-mainz.de
(Received 27 February 2003; accepted in revised form 5 December 2003)
Aims: The effects of goal-setting instructions on neuropsychological performance of alcohol-dependent patients and control subjects were assessed. Methods: 57 alcohol-dependent patients and 59 carefully age- and education-matched healthy control subjects underwent standard neuropsychological investigation. In addition, the goal-setting paradigm was used to systematically manipulate motivation. Participants were requested to calculate simple mathematical problems repeatedly within phases of a 2-min duration receiving normal or goal setting-instructions (to increase performance in the next phase by 20%). Results: The patients demonstrated deficits in standard neuropsychological tests. Patients under goal-setting instructions demonstrated significantly higher improvement (correct responses: P = 0.016) relative to patients with standard instructions. Control subjects with goal-setting instructions demonstrated tendencies for higher improvement relative to control subjects with normal instructions. However, the differences were not significant. Interaction of group (patients vs. control subjects) and instructions (goal setting vs. normal) remained insignificant (P = 0.489) indicating that the increase through goal setting for the patients was not significantly higher than that for the control subjects. Conclusions: Despite of neuropsychological deficits in reasoning and psychomotor functioning, alcohol-dependent patients early in recovery are responsive to goal setting and able to increase neuropsychological performance. Therefore, goal-setting strategies might possibly be used in cognitive rehabilitation and therapy of alcohol-dependent patients. As there was no significant interaction in increase between patients and control subjects, our results do not support the hypothesis that the neuropsychological deficits are affected by or even caused by motivational limitations of the alcohol-dependent patients.