Alcohol and Alcoholism, Vol 34, 231-243, Copyright © 1999 by Medical Council on Alcoholism
R Spanagel and S Holter
In order to study the neurobiological and molecular mechanisms of alcohol
dependence and addiction, appropriate animal models are warranted. Although
animal models cannot incorporate all aspects and criteria of an addictive
behaviour to alcohol seen in human alcoholics, they can at least reflect
some of the criteria given in the fourth edition of Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Novel aspects of addictive
behaviour to alcohol, craving and relapse might be uncovered by animal
models of long-term, free-choice, alcohol self-administration followed by
alcohol deprivation phases. After several months of voluntary alcohol
consumption, the drug-taking behaviour following a deprivation (withdrawal)
phase is characterized by increased alcohol intake and preference (alcohol
deprivation effect) and changes in alcohol intake patterns where animals
consume large amounts of highly concentrated alcohol solutions even at
inappropriate times (e.g. during the inactive light phase when drinking
activity is minimal). Altogether, alcohol drinking following alcohol
deprivation seems to become uncontrolled and inelastic, reflecting an
incentive demand for the drug in such a model. Furthermore, the alcohol
deprivation effect outlasts very long abstinence phases, which indicates
the persistence of a drug memory for alcohol.
ARTICLES
Long-term alcohol self-administration with repeated alcohol deprivation phases: an animal model of alcoholism?
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Corresponding author
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